Subordinating Conjunctions

Connects unequal ranks of contradictory parts, as in to show results, reasons, opposition, or examples.

Examples:

                for, so, because, so that, but, yet, still, however, likewise

Coordinating Conjunctions

Connects equal ranks of parts to coordinate, as in to add up words, phrases and clauses.

Examples:

                and, otherwise, similarly, furthermore, in addition

Time Prepositions

Before	After
Previous time	Subsequent to a time
During	Through/Throughout
For a part of a period	For an entire period and after
At around, At about	By
At an appropriate time	Not later than a time
To, Of	Towards
Minutes before the hour	Nearing a period of time
Between	Within
After a time, and before another time	Between now and a length of time
Beyond/ Past	Until
After a time	Up to but not after a time
For	Since
During a length of time	Between a past time and now
In/ In time	On/ On time
Not too late for an event	At a required of time
With	At/ At night
At the same time as	-
Out of	Ahead of
To be out of time	To be early
At present	At the moment
-	-

Reading Comprehension

Understanding Paragraphs

1. Topic sentence - the sentence which summarizes the context
2. Sequence of Events - the continuity of events
3. Relativity of Context
4. Creating Inferences - idea or adding possible ending

Point of Elimination - process of eliminating irrelevant choices

Verbal Analogy – shows relationship within words

Synonym

Antonyms

Worker to Tool

Degree

Sequence

Action-Situation

Purpose

Classification

Characterization

Object-Action Relationship

Cause and Effect

Part to Whole

Pointers to Identifying Errors

1. Parts of speech
2. Punctuation marks (;,.,",',!)
3. Voice of Verb (passive, active)
4. Subject Verb Agreement 
5. Spelling
6. Tense (past, present, future, etc.)
7. Contradictions
8. Antecedents
9. Degree of comparisons (positive, comparative, superlative)
10. D-Verbs (do, does, did)
11. Conditional sentence
12. Moods

Anagrams

words or phrases whose letters are reorganized to form another words or phrases, best anagrams are those which letters are rearranged somehow share some relationships to the original phrase or word

Roman Literature

“The conquered becoming the conqueror, and the conqueror becoming conquered”

QUALITIES

1. Greatly imitative of the Greek models

2. Practical rather than being imaginative and speculative

3. Predominant of satire

4. Started with history

CLASSICAL LITERATURE

First Period 

• Early Roman Literature, with emphasis on progress and development
• Cicero greatest orator

Second Period

• Augustus Cesar Age, or the Golden Age of Literature (from during reign of Cesar to after his death)
• Freedom to write resulting to more writers

Third Period

• Age of Decline or Silver Age 
• Less literary works

FAMOUS WRITERS OF ROME

1. Publius Vergilius Marco, also known as Virgil

• Born in Mantua, Italy (70BC-19BC)
• Educated in Greek and Roman Literature
• Died in Brundisium 
• Wrote Aeneid, 12 books, short epics of Ciris and Culex, the Eclogues, the Georgics, lydia, copa and elegies
• Greatest poet writer in the time of Augustus’ reign

2. Marcus Tullius Cicero, also known as Cicero 

• Roman writer, orator, and statesmen born in Aprinun, Italy on 106 BC
• Leading figure of the Golden Age
• Greatest orator in prose 
• Perceived to be one of the most versatile minds of ancient Rome
• Entered in the senate on 74 BC
• Followed Cesar but failed
• Wrote rhetorical treatise

3. Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis, also known as Juvenal

• Greatest Roman satirist

4. Gaius Julius Divi Filius Caesar Octavianus Augustus

• Roman emperor and great dictator
• Recovered peace through series of wars

5. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, also known as Horace

• Short and meditative poems
• Leading roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus
• A friend of Virgil 
• A son of the freed-slave with experiences he wrote resulting to satirical poems and works, also cleverly combining personal reflections, observations, and delicate irony
• Wrote odes, satires, and epistles

6. Titus Livius, also known as Livy

• His History of Rome extended from the foundation of the city to death of Druscus and was published in 144 books

7. Publius Ovidius Naso, also known as Ovid

• A great poetical genius

8. Titus Maccius Platus

9. Marcus Valerius Martialis 

• Roman writer of epigram
• Satirist
• Orator of modern epigram

10. Lucidus LIvius Andronicus

• Produced the first Roman Drama
• Translated many Greek works to Latin
• Father of Roman Drama
• Most famous in translation of Homer’s Odyssey

11. Marcus Pacuvius

• Greatest tragic poet of Rome

Subject Verb Agreement

1.  Words in middle, or appositives, don’t affect the number of the subject.
2. Indefinite pronouns are singular.
3. Object of the “of-phrase” must be followed.
4. “Some” is taken plural.
5. If correlative conjunctions were used, the closest subject will be followed.
6. A word which normally has “s” on their base form is still singular.
7. Subjects as a body of  knowledge is singular, but subjects as a body, quality, or characteristic is plural.
8. “There” and “Here” can be singular or plural depending on the word net to it.
9. Collective nouns as a group are a singular and plural if it meant separately in the sentence.
10. A work or title is singular.
11. Measurements are singular.
12. Relative pronouns follow the antecedents for plurality.
13. Both “all” and “several” are taken as plurals.
14. Adjectives are plural.

Literature

LITERATURE – the art of written works

Prose – literature with free form of writing, (e.g. magazines, articles, news, essays biographies, autobiographies, journals, anecdotes, etc.)

Poetry – figurative literary works with metric and well chosen words, which uses figure of speech and imagery, (e.g. songs, poems, epics, corrids, etc.)

TYPES OF POETRY

1.   Lyric – poems that are sung and accompanied by musical ensemble, (e.g. elegy,    epitaphs, psalms, hymns, songs, sonnets, idylls, etc.)

2.      Narrative – poems that tend to tell or narrate stories, (epic, ballad, metrical tales, etc.)

3.      Dramatic (e.g. tragedy, farce, comedy, melodrama, etc.)